EHR

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theories of cognitive development helped pioneer the field of developmental psychology and influenced generations of elementary school curriculum.

The usability of healthcare software, or lack thereof, has been a topic of discussion for several years. The problem has become so widespread that the American Medical Association (AMA) has recently issued a framework for improving the ease of use of EHRs that, in part, includes the reduction of 'cognitive load.'

Piaget’s theories can be applied to understanding some of the reasons why many EHRs are just too hard to use. They can provide guidance for finding ways to reduce the cognitive workload that so often hinders the user experience of EHR systems.

According to Piaget, people are born with a very basic mental structure or schema (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based.

What Piaget called a schema is the basic building block of intelligent behavior – a way of organizing knowledge. Piaget (1952) defined a schema as 'a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning'. Piaget's theories emphasized the importance of schemas in cognitive development, and described how they were developed or acquired.

We all have schemas for interacting with the world in our everyday life. They provide us with the mental facility and knowledge needed to perform our daily tasks. When eating out at a restaurant, for example, we all know how things will progress: The restaurant staff will great us, then seat us, offer a drink, provide the menu, let us look at it, order, etc. As long as everything goes according to our existing schema everything goes smoothly.

Medical professionals have many schemas they use in their practice. Much like the restaurant example, seeing and treating a patient can most often follow a set pattern, or workflow: The patient arrives, vitals are taken then entered into the patient record, the doctor consults with the patient, possibly orders tests, or prescriptions, etc.

So what happens when things don’t match an existing schema? As we gain more experience with the world, our schema must evolve via the processes of learning. According the Piaget the learning takes place via the processes of Assimilation and Accommodation.

Piaget used the terms Assimilation and Accommodation to describe how children are able to process and adapt their schema to new situations that have created a state of what he called disequilibrium in their cognitive structure.

Assimilation occurs when you can take an existing mental structure and incorporate it into a new event. Assimilation does not cause much cognitive load on the person, as they are using an already existing mental structure to understand a new event.

When renting a car while on a business trip. Once you get into the car, you are fairly quickly able to get going and drive out of the parking lot. This is because the rental car matches your mental model of how to drive a car: You put on the seat belt, adjust the seat and mirrors and go.

Accommodation occurs when you must change your mental structure in order to understand and incorporate a new event. Accommodation requires much more of a cognitive load than assimilation, as it requires you to ‘rewire’ your brain and update or create a new mental structure to understand the event.

Perhaps you are using a Windows-based computer. Does it make sense that in order to shut down the computer you need to first select the “Start” button? It probably is something that today you don’t even think about, but what about the very first time that you used a Windows-based computer? Did it make sense then? Probably not. Your mental understanding of how to use computers had to accommodate the ‘feature’ of windows that logically seems quite counter-intuitive.

When EHR systems are created with little or no input from healthcare professions or without a full understanding their workflow, or schema, it can increase the cognitive load placed upon the users of that system. Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems that require medical professionals to constantly accommodate to the schema (or workflow) of the system increases the cognitive load placed upon the users. Because these engineering-centric designed systems force their users to accommodate to a new way of doing things they are not perceived by healthcare professionals as usable.

Here is an example of a vital signs entry form from an EHR we tested last year. The task was to enter a patient blood pressure reading:

Most of us have a schema for understanding blood pressure. We know that it follows a set pattern of Systolic/Diastolic, or 120/70. In this EHR system each of the vitals is presented in an unknown order in a custom list control. To enter the blood pressure, the user had to find Systolic, scroll down, select Systolic, and then enter the value. Once that value has been entered, then they had to find Diastolic scroll up and select Diastolic, and then enter the value.

In order to use this control and this method for entering blood pressure, the medical professions had to make several accommodations to their understanding of data entry, and of blood pressure readings. They also had to remember which is systolic and which is diastolic.

Here is an example of the blood pressure entry from another system we tested:

The Systolic is presented over the Diastolic and the entry is as simple as selecting the fields and entering the value. This system matches the mental model of how to enter blood pressure readings and doesn’t require the user to accommodate to a new way of doing things.

As evident from the sample systems presented above, there can be huge differences in the user interactions across EHRs. One of the systems above can be easily assimilated into a healthcare professional’s understanding of blood pressure entry, while the other forces them to make several schema accommodations. Which one would be perceived as more usable?

The field of psychology, especially cognitive psychology has, among other things, focused on understanding the processes by which we store information, make decisions, and communicate with others. Understanding and integrating Piaget’s theories and those other cognitive psychologists can help inform a strategic user experience plan that focuses on the cognitive skills of users. Doing so will provide better EHR user experiences and can positively impact business ROI.

Yes, usability in healthcare saves money, but also saves lives.

Summative testing for your EHR:

 Our Chief Experience Officer, Bennett Lauber is a member of the ONC Health IT Policy Committee Implementation, Usability, and Safety Workgroup.  He shares his experiences working with EHR vendors with Federal regulators to influence public policy on the usability of health IT.

The Usability People conduct and report summative usability evaluations using the NISTIR 7742 Customized Common Industry Format Template for EHR Usability Testing—suitable for satisfying the Safety-enhanced Design criteria portion of your MU2 (and soon to be MU3) certification.

The majority of health care providers who were eligible to attest to Stage 2 of the meaningful use program have done so, according to the latest CMS data, Clinical Innovation & Technology reports.

Under the 2009 economic stimulus package, providers who demonstrate meaningful use of certified electronic health records can qualify for Medicaid and Medicare incentive payments (Pedulli, Clinical Innovation & Technology, 1/14).

Attestation Data Details

During a Health IT Policy Committee meeting on Jan 13, 2015, officials at CMS and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT said as of Nov. 30, 2014:

• 77% -- or 1,814 -- of the 2,115 Stage 2-eligible hospitals had attested to Stage 2 of the meaningful use program; and
• About 60% of Stage 2-eligible professionals had attested to Stage 2 of the program (Slabodkin, Health Data Management, 1/14).

According to Politico Pro, the latest numbers paint Stage 2 meaningful use attestations in a different light from those reported last month, when officials said just 4% of eligible providers had attested to Stage 2 as of Dec. 1.

Elisabeth Myers of CMS' Office of eHealth Standards and Services explained that previous analyses reviewed attestation numbers for all eligible providers, rather than just for those who were expected to meet Stage 2 (Allen, Politico Pro, 1/13).

To be eligible for Stage 2, providers must have completed two years of Stage 1 attestation.

Dawn Heisey-Grove, public health analyst at ONC, noted that only 42% of all eligible providers and 56% of eligible hospitals had been expected to meet Stage 2 requirements.

Meaningful Use Incentive Payment Details

Further, CMS said it has paid out about $26 billion in incentive payments to eligible hospitals and eligible professionals. The payments included $8.7 billion to Medicaid providers and $17.3 billion to Medicare providers (Clinical Innovation & Technology, 1/14).

The ability to easily modify electronic health record systems can help providers meet safety and quality goals, according to a study published in Electronic Data Methods, Politico's "Morning eHealth" reports (Gold, "Morning eHealth," Politico, 12/23).

Study Details

For the study, researchers at Baylor Scott & White Health investigated an integrated care health system's use of EHRs to implement procedures to prevent and mitigate intensive care unit patients from developing delirium. Providers commonly use an evidence-based practice called daily awakening and breathing trials, formal delirium screening, and early mobility -- or ABCDE bundle -- to prevent delirium in ICU patients (Collinsworth et al., EDM, 12/18).

Specifically, researchers aimed to identify best practices by designing a tab in the EHR system's patient viewer, allowing providers to track the progress of tasks within the ABCDE bundle and view the processes' effects.

Study Findings

Overall, researchers found that EHR customization was complex and time-consuming. Specifically, they said certain steps were necessary to customize EHR systems, including:

• Allocating sufficient time for such a project, which took longer than researchers expected;
• Gaining buy-in from senior leadership to secure resources to modify EHR systems;
• Involving the different team players in EHR design;
• Training clinical staff on proper EHR use and its importance; and
• Understanding varying workflows in a multidisciplinary care team (Hall, FierceEMR, 12/22).

The researchers noted that while the study mainly focused on mitigating and preventing delirium, their research processes and takeaways "are generalizable to other health care settings and conditions." Moreover, they said that "the creation of learning health systems is contingent on an ability to modify EHRs to meet emerging care delivery and quality improvement needs" (EDM, 12/18).